arthurs wrote:
Dear Dr Sclafani
I was diagnosed with PPMS 10 years ago. A few months thereafter, I developed a TOS problem, leading to surgery to remove the first rib. The op was unsuccessful. Since then, my right hand is discolored, my middle, fourth and fifth fingers are crippled and my right shoulder is frozen. I get around with a walker as I have severe gait/walking difficulties.
I came across a fascinating article dealing with the interrelationship between CCSVI, TOS and MS on the Internet. It is entitled “The Thoracic Outlet Syndrome and its apparent relation to Multiple Sclerosis” written by 2 Vascular Surgeons from Chile, Drs Silva and Selmonosky.
The authors found that all MS patients presented a complicated TOS because they all had jugular retrograde blood flow inversion. They stressed that jugular vein blocks occur precisely at the level of the thoracic outlet.
What is your experience in this regard?
I am no expert in this regard. HOwever, i was asked to discuss the unusual causes of CCSVI at last year's ISNVD meeting. Of them all, i think that the Nutcracker syndrome is the most prevalent and the most serious unusual cause of CCSVI.
There are three thoracic outlet syndromes. The thoracic outlet syndrome is a constellation of symptoms that is caused by obstruction of the neurovascular bundle (artery, vein and nerves) exiting the thoracic cage. The overwhelming number of these cases are the result of compression of the nerves as they exit the chest. Thus peripheral nerve problems, not demyelinating damage of the white matter, are the result. Venous problems are reported to occur in 2-8% of the cases with the unusual arterial compression taking up the few remaining cases.
When the venous compression is present, the disease is called paget schroetter disease is present.
This is manifest as narrowing and fixation of the vein by scar, scalene muscle enlargment, cervical ribs or axillary bands.
Repetitive compressive motions leads to endothelial stress, intimal hyperplasia, inflammation, webs, perivenous fibrosis, stasis and thrombosis of the vein, usually the subcvlaviian or axillary vein
In the acute phase, thrombosis leads to arm, forearm, hand swelling, with cyanosis, pain and numbness and tingling. Symptoms of CCSVI are rare and not yet reported in peer reviewed literature.although migraines are occasionally present and dilation of the deep cerebral veins have been reported.
It is true that TOS can involve the area of the inferior jugular bulb, but this is uncommon. When it does, it may augment cerebrospinal venous channels via external jugular collateral collaterals. Thrombosis generally requires more than anticoagulation, usually local thrombolysis to get the vein open and then surgical resection of the first rib, division of the scalene muscle and other maneuvers are usually necessary. Vein bypass is done surgically with angioplasty reserved for stenoses seen after surgery.
I am in agreement with the International College of Phlebology: CCSVI in MS appears to be most commonly associated with trunucular congenital malformations of these veins.
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