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What do you mean this condition is unproven??? Plese do not be mislead, the relationship between CCSVI and MS has been studied extensively and has been well documented - there is a lot more proof out there than what I have posted here.
Read On!!!
OBJECTIVE: To develop an objective method for quantifying venous vasculature in brain parenchyma on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI). To apply this technique in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and in healthy controls (HC). BACKGROUND: SWI is a MRI application that can directly image cerebral veins by exploiting venous blood oxygenation. DESIGN/METHODS: Sixty-two (62) MS patients (44 relapsing-remitting and 18 secondary-progressive) and 33 age- and sex-matched HC were imaged on a 3T GE scanner using pre-contrast SWI. A subset of MS patients (50) and HC (7) obtained SWI-post gadolinium contrast sequence (0.1 mMol/Kg Gd-DTPA with 10 min delay). In-house developed segmentation algorithm, based on a 3D multi-scale line filter, was applied for vein segmentation. Absolute volumetric measurement for total vein vasculature was performed in milliliters (ml) and the relative venous intracranial fraction (VIF) was obtained to correct for head size and amount of brain atrophy. The size of individual veins was measured in mm and 4 groups were created according to their mean diameter: <0.3mm, 0.3-0.6mm, 0.6-0.9mm and >0.9 mm. Voxel brain average distance-from-vein maps was also calculated with higher distance indicating fewer veins. RESULTS: A significantly lower absolute venous volume was detected in MS patients compared to HC, both in pre-contrast (67.5 vs. 82.7ml, -18.3%, p<0.001) and post-contrast (70.4 vs. 87.1ml, -19.1%, p<0.011) images. The VIF was significantly lower in MS patients (p<0.001). The highest mean diameter difference was found for the smallest veins (<0.3 mm), both on pre- (p<0.001) and post-contrast (p<0.018) images. The distance-from-veins was also significantly higher in MS patients (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS/RELEVANCE: We developed and validated a quantitative vein segmentation method that showed altered visibility of venous vasculature on SWI pre- and post-contrast images in MS patients. These findings suggest severely compromised brain venous system in MS patients.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and cerebral perfusion in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). BACKGROUND: CCSVI is a vascular condition described in MS patients, characterized by stenoses of the main extracranial veins with hampered cerebral venous outflow. We hypothesized that the impaired venous outflow contributes to hypoperfusion of brain parenchyma. DESIGN/METHODS: Sixteen consecutive relapsing-remitting MS patients (mean age 36.1yrs, mean disease duration 7.5yrs and median EDSS 2.5) and 8 age- and sex-matched normal controls (NC), were scanned on a GE 3T scanner using dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI). Cerebral blood flow (CBF), blood volume (CBV) and mean transit time (MTT) were measured in the gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), normal appearing (NA) GM, NAWM, thalamus, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, red nucleus and substantia nigra. Diagnosis of CCSVI was established based on the venous hemodynamic (VH) Doppler criteria (Zamboni, JNNP, 2009) and the severity was based on fulfilled VH criteria (score 0-5) and VH insufficiency severity score (VHISS) (score 0-16). RESULTS: All 16 MS patients fulfilled the diagnosis of CCSVI (median VH=4, median VHISS=9) and none of the NC. There was a significant association between VH criteria and VHISS, and CBF, CBV and MTT in all examined regions of the brain parenchyma in MS patients. The most robust correlations were observed for lower CBF and higher VHISS in the GM, WM, NAGM and NAWM (r= -0.70 to -0.72, p<0.002), and in the thalamus, caudate, putamen, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens (r= -0.6 to -0.72, p<0.008). The correlation coefficients for CBV and MTT were in a range between r= -0.5 to -0.65. No relationship was observed for NC. CONCLUSIONS/RELEVANCE: This study demonstrates that severity of CCSVI is directly associated with hypoperfusion of the brain parenchyma in MS. Supported by: Hillarescere Foundation and Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics in Sylvius aqueduct in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients versus healthy controls (HC) and to define correlates with other specific disease metrics. BACKGROUND: CSF velocity and flow dynamics, as measured by MRI in MS patients, may be impaired and associated with higher disease activity. DESIGN/METHODS: Fifty eight (58) consecutive MS patients (41 RR and 17 SP) with mean age 45.3 yrs, mean disease duration 13 yrs and median EDSS 4.0 and 22 age- and sex-matched HC were scanned on a GE 3T scanner. A two-dimensional, phase-contrast gradient-echo MR acquisition using peripheral cardiac gating, with in-plane resolution 0.39x.039mm2 and 32 phases, corresponding to a full cardiac cycle, was collected on one 4mm thick slice positioned perpendicular to the Sylvius aqueduct. In addition to CSF measures, we calculated T2, T1- and contrast enhancing (CE) lesion volume (LV), global, tissue-specific and central brain atrophy measures. RESULTS: All CSF flow and velocity measures were significantly altered in the patients with MS, compared to HC. Net CSF flow in the aqueduct, which physiologically is towards 4th ventricle, was significantly lower in MS patients than in HC (3.8 vs. 8.4, p=0.011). There were no CSF dynamics differences between RR and SP MS patients. In MS patients, lower net CSF flow was significantly related to a higher number of relapses in the previous year (r=-0.28, p=0.029) and longer disease duration (r=-0.25, p=0.048). The lower CSF flow was related to central atrophy, as measured by the enlargement of the lateral ventricle volume and third ventricle width (r=0.3, p<0.02). CONCLUSIONS/RELEVANCE: This study shows that CSF flow is significantly altered in MS patients, compared to HC. Altered CSF dynamics may play an important role in the pathophysiology of MS disease process and warrants further investigation.
OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the prevalence of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in a large cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), patients with other neurological diseases (OND) and in normal controls (NC), by using specific proposed Doppler criteria (Zamboni et al, JNNP, 2009). BACKGROUND: CCSVI is a complex vascular condition characterized by anomalies of the main extracranial cerebrospinal (CS) venous routes that interfere with the normal CS venous outflow. This condition was previously associated with clinically definite MS. DESIGN/METHODS: Cross-sectional study that will enroll consecutive 1700 subjects at one MS center including: 1000 adult patients with possible and definite MS (50 clinically isolated syndrome, 50 radiologically isolated syndrome, 500 relapsing-remitting, 300 secondary-progressive, 50 primary-progressive MS and 50 neuromyelitis optica). A comparative group will include 300 OND patients and 300 adult age- and sex-matched NC. Fifty pediatric patients (<18 yrs) with acquired demyelinating diseases (MS and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis) and 50 pediatric NC will be assessed. All participants will undergo clinical examination and a Doppler scan of the head and neck. All MS patients and a subcohort of NC and OND will undergo an MRI of the brain. A consecutive subgroup (MS, NC and OND) will have also an MRI of the veins of the neck to corroborate the Doppler diagnosis of CCSVI. The Doppler, and MRI evaluators are blinded to the subject status. The prevalence and severity of venous hemodynamic abnormalities identified in the different groups will be analyzed. Data will be unblinded at three predetermined time-points based on the number of subjects enrolled: at 500, 1000 and 1700 subjects respectively. RESULTS: As of 1 Nov 2009, 473 subjects signed informed consent. The initial interim analysis following the first 500 subjects is scheduled for December 2009. CONCLUSIONS/RELEVANCE: The interim results of the first 500 enrolled subjects will be presented.
(to be presented at the American Annual Neurology Conference in Toronto April 10 - 17, 2010)
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and iron deposition in the brain of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients by correlating venous hemodynamic (VH) parameters and iron concentration in deep-gray matter (DGM) structures and lesions, as measured by susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI). To preliminarily define the relationship between iron measures and disability outcomes. BACKGROUND: CCSVI is a vascular picture recently described in MS patients that is characterized by stenoses affecting the main extracranial venous outflow pathways and by a high rate of cerebral venous reflux that may lead to increased iron deposition in the brain. DESIGN/METHODS: Sixteen (16) consecutive relapsing-remitting MS patients (mean age 36.17.3 yrs, mean disease duration 7.5 1.9 yrs and median EDSS 2.5) and 8 age- and sex-matched normal controls (NC) were scanned on a GE 3T scanner, by using SWI. Iron concentration was measured in the following DGM structures: thalamus, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, red nucleus and substantia nigra. Iron concentration was also measured in T2, T1, SWI phase and SWI magnitude lesions. Diagnosis of the CCSVI was established based on the previously published VH Doppler criteria (Zamboni, JNNP, 2009). RESULTS: All 16 MS patients fulfilled the diagnosis of CCSVI (median VH=4, median VHISS=9) and none of the NC. There was a significant association between higher number of VH criteria and higher iron concentration in T2 (r=0.64, p=0.007) and T1 (r=0.56, p=0.023) lesion volumes. The only DGM structure that correlated significantly with VH criteria was globus pallidus (r=0.58, p=0.019). No relationship was observed for NC. Higher iron concentration in DGM structures was predictive of higher disability status (EDSS) in almost all examined regions. The highest correlations were detected for thalamus (r=0.79, p<0.0001) and red nucleus (r=0.7, p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS/RELEVANCE: The findings from this pilot study suggest that CCSVI may be an important mechanism leading to iron deposition in brain parenchyma of MS patients. In turn, iron deposition, as measured by SWI, is a strong predictor of disability progression in patients with MS. Supported by: Hillarescere Foundation and Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center.
OBJECTIVE: To develop an objective MRI technique for quantifying the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in Sylvius aqueduct. To apply this technique in a pilot study in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients versus normal controls (NC) and provide further correlates with other MRI specific disease metrics. BACKGROUND: Non-invasive MRI investigation of the CSF dynamics in MS has not been previously reported. DESIGN/METHODS: For consistency and objective quantification of the antegrade (towards 4th ventricle), retrograde (towards 3rd ventricle) and net CSF flow rates, a semi-automated program was developed. The CSF flow quantification technique was validated on a tube phantom, using a power injector which provided a controlled flow rate. 2 NC and 2 MS patients were scanned and rescanned within a week, to test reproducibility. Sixteen (16) consecutive relapsing-remitting MS patients and 8 age- and sex-matched NC were scanned on a GE 3T scanner using a two-dimensional phase-contrast gradient-echo MR technique with high spatial-temporal resolution (in-plane resolution 0.39x.039mm2 and 32 phases, corresponding to a full cardiac cycle) on one 4mm thick slice positioned perpendicular to the Sylvius aqueduct. In addition to CSF flow measures, lesion volume (LV) and atrophy MRI outcomes were calculated. RESULTS: Net CSF flow scan-rescan reproducibility was 10.9%. Net CSF flow rate (stroke volume) was significantly lower in MS patients than in NC (p=0.038). In MS patients, T1-LV was strongly correlated with CSF retrograde (r=0.71, p=0.002) and antegrade flow rates (r=-0.64, p=0.008). T2-LV was also related to CSF flow rate (0.58, p=0.019). Lower net CSF flow rate was related to gray matter (r=-0.63, p=0.009), whole brain and cortical atrophy (p<0.037). CONCLUSIONS/RELEVANCE: CSF flow rate in the Sylvius aqueduct is significantly lower in MS patients than in NC. In MS patients, robust correlations between higher LVs, and advanced atrophy, and altered flow rate measures were found.
Personally, I am convinced it is in the hands of the vascular doctors to help solve this crisis. Vascular specialists need to join the MS Medical Advisory Board. This is where we come in. The more vascular specialists that know about CCSVI the better - this is where we can do some advocating.
The drug companies give money to some doctors (neurologists) who work with MS patients and/or do research for MS (drug research). Some of these doctors and some of the drug company staff comprise the MS Medical Advisory Board. The MS Medical Advisory Board advises the MS Society regarding any medical concerns. The MS Society (funding section) gives money to the drug companies and to some doctors to do research on drugs that might help MS patients. The MS Society (government relations and policy section) informs the Government of Canada about medical concerns regarding MS. The solution I put forward is a huge health dose of Vascular Surgeons and Vascular Specialist into the circle and this will change the course of direction. I think this is our only hope.
I fear the idea of suing the gov or doctors etc. I think this would cost a lot of money, time etc. It could potentially prolong and distract attention away from our goals. I completely understand the decision and the emotions around it - I am in a simular boat as Bill. (Bless you Bill for all the support you have given to your wife - I know first hand your struggle)
I think a part of the resistance we are facing has to do with money and timing. At this present economic time we live in we are facing unusual circumstances - a lot of the baby boomers are retiring and will unfortunately find themselves facing the ills of old age. The Ministry of Health is facing a serious crisis itself. With a large part of the population facing increasing and expensive health care and also paying less into the public purse there is going to be a "top-heavy" burden placed on the Canadian society. With us (the MSers, their children and perhaps their grandchildren) needing testing and probably treatment this adds to the demands for health care - looks like the Health Care dollars will not be anywhere near what is needed. It is my opinion the government needs to re-evaluate how much money is going to Health Care. I am continually told "there is only so much money". But with money well-spent and money being funnelled from other sources we can get through this crisis. We may have to ask ourselves, "Do we really need to know the exact chemical composition of the surface of Pluto at this present time - can we postpone this"? Do we need to be involved supporting external causes at this unique time? It makes sense for a country to extend themselves to help others in need and to increase our scientific knowledge, don't get me wrong these things are all good. I for one love to read about quantum physics and string theory, but when there are 75 thousand MS patients who need testing and treatment it seems that our priorities are mixed up and we need to start asking the hard questions of what is more important? We made need to put some expensive projects on hold for a time until we are not in this unique economic time which is placing extraordinary demands on the Health Care System. Some of the MSers are in end-stage MS - it is impossible for them to fly to another country to get testing and treatment - with the massive amount of research already in hand - no MSer should be denied testing for their CCSVI nor treatment for their CCSVI. Lets get some vascular specialists on board!!!
I keep wondering if CCSVI might be the cause of other autoimmune diseases. Maybe this could explain why the resistance is so strong. Something to think about!
Lets all keep going, keep talking, keep educating, keep supporting each other. I thank you all for all the ideas and work you are all doing regarding CCSVI. I hope I have not offended anyone. I really believe we all need to share our beliefs and thoughts. Like Bill said: a Think Tank. Together we will move forward.
Hi V.T.
Peace
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