This Is MS Multiple Sclerosis Community: Knowledge & Support

ConclusionThis is valuable research that builds on what is known about the physiological changes that occur in the venous system draining the brain and spinal cord in people with MS. The findings also indicate that there are differences in the venous abnormities in people with the four different disease courses of MS. This suggests that the venous obstruction and its location may have a role in determining the clinical course of MS.

The two principal limitations of these findings are:

The venous abnormalities were examined at one point in time in people who already had clinical MS. As such, it is not possible to say whether these abnormalities are a cause of MS or are part of the physiological changes in the central nervous venous system that result from MS. It is also possible, as the researchers suggest, that the venous changes could be a side effect of the drugs used in MS. The study involved a relatively small number of people with MS (and, therefore, even smaller numbers of people with each disease course). To establish a firmer association between MS and cerebrospinal venous insufficiency, and how this differs in each disease course, larger samples need to be examined. Although this study has found an association between MS and abnormalities in venous drainage from the brain and spinal cord, it is unclear whether these are a cause or a consequence of disease. More research is needed.

2."it is also possible, as the researchers suggest, that the venous changes could be a side effect of the drugs used in MS."
This point was clearly refuted in Dr. Zamboni's research. He clearly states that the venous stenosis and reflux was noted in ALL MS PATIENTS, whether or not they were on immune modulating medication. Tsk, tsk, NHS.

I was embarrassed earlier to mention that I'm evidently the only person in the world who doesn't have any idea what he means when he says that?