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Also known as: Allomaleic Acid; Fumarate
Description
Fumaric Acid is an endogenous Organic Acid that is also present in the diet.
Biological Functions and Health Benefits of Fumaric Acid
Immune System
Fumaric Acid may be useful for the treatment of Sarcoidosis. references
Metabolism
Fumaric Acid participates as an intermediate compound in the Krebs Cycle of Energy production within the Mitochondria of Cells - Fumaric Acid is the intermediate Organic Acid between Succinic Acid and Malic Acid within the Krebs Cycle:
- View Fumaric Acid's Role in the Krebs Cycle
- Supplemental Fumaric Acid (3,000 - 6,000 mg per day) facilitates the endogenous production of Energy, alleviates Fatigue and increases Stamina. references
Fumaric Acid is formed as an intermediate product in the Urea Cycle (the process of detoxifying Ammonia to Urea):
- View the Urea Cycle
Nervous System
Fumaric Acid stimulates the activity of Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase (the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of Dopamine to Norepinephrine
).
Skin
Fumaric Acid (1% - 3% solution applied topically in conjunction with oral administration of 240 mg - 720 mg per day) may be an effective treatment for many cases of Psoriasis (caution is warranted as this treatment causes some side effects): references
- Psoriasis patients have a metabolic defect that interferes with their natural production of Fumaric Acid and this defect contributes to the development of Psoriasis.
These Substances may Enhance the Function of Fumaric Acid
Enzymes
Fumarate Hydratase (Fumarase) catalyzes the conversion of Fumaric Acid to Malic Acid as part of the Krebs Cycle of Energy production.
Succinate Dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of Succinic Acid (Succinate) to Fumaric Acid (Fumarate).
These Substances may Interfere with Fumaric Acid
Organic Acids
Tartaric Acid may interfere with the conversion of Fumaric Acid to Malic Acid within the Krebs Cycle of Energy production (this occurs from Tartaric Acid being an analogue of Malic Acid). references
Dietary Sources of Fumaric Acid note
Herbs: Chives
Vegetables: Beetroot Fennel
Forms of Fumaric Acid
Calcium Fumarate consists of Calcium bound to Fumaric Acid (Fumarate).
Dimethylfumaric Acid (Fumaric Acid Diethylester) is a form of Fumaric Acid used in the treatment of Psoriasis.
Monoethylfumaric Acid (Fumaric Acid Monoethylester; Monoethylfumarate; Monomethylfumatric Acid; Monomethylfumarate) is a form of Fumaric Acid used in the treatment of Psoriasis.
Dosage Recommendations
Metabolism
The usual dosage of Fumaric Acid when used for enhancing Athletic Peformance and Energy is 1,000 mg taken approximately 45 minutes before physical activity.
Skin Ailments
The usual dosage of Fumaric Acid when using the Dimethylfumaric Acid form of Fumaric Acid for the treatment of Psoriasis is 240 mg per day. It is administered orally in conjunction with topical application of a 1% - 3% solution of Fumaric Acid.
The usual dosage of Fumaric Acid when using the Monethylfumaric Acid form of Fumaric Acid for the treatment of Psoriasis is 720 mg per day. It is administered orally in conjunction with topical application of a 1% - 3% solution of Fumaric Acid.
Commercial Availability of Fumaric Acid Supplements
“Singular” Products
Fumaric Acid is available from health food stores and internet-based suppliers in the form of:
- 120 mg capsules
Formulas
Fumaric Acid is an ingredient in some sports formulas available from health food stores and mail order supplement companies. For example:
- powder containing 1,000 mg Fumaric Acid per 17 gram serving.
Chemical Data
Chemical Name
Trans-Butanedioic Acid
Related Topics
Krebs Cycle
Organic Acids
Pycnogenol
Copyright (Hyperhealth Pro 11, 2012)
In-Tele-Health © 2012 (from Hyperhealth Pro CD-ROM)