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Maybe CCSVI theory is wrong, but there must be something related to the vascular system in MS. Two more reports about vascular problems associated to MS:

Hypertension and heart disease are associated with development of brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs ... /ene.13769

Retinal vascular density in multiple sclerosis: a one year follow up
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs ... /ene.13770

Hi Frodo

I don´t think theory CCSVI is wrong but the procedure is controversial (stents, angioplasty). I recommend you to visit Vesta's blog (www.mscureenigmas.net)which has gave a brilliant explanation to the vascular issue in multiple sclerosis. She has classified different vascular issues in MS patients. She also has posted some posts about it in this forum.

In my particular case I have CTOS but not CCSVI, but it seems clear that a vascular issue becomes part of the model of explanation of this complex disease.

Greetings

Hugo

related academic discussion:

google scholar search:
terms: vascular "multiple sclerosis"
65100 results (up to 2008)
https://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=vas ... s_yhi=2008

google scholar search:
terms: vascular "multiple sclerosis" -zamboni -ccsvi :
87600 results (2009 to present)
https://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=vas ... 09&as_yhi=

TiMS non-academic general discussion search:
terms: vascular -zamboni -ccsvi
460 results (2004-present)
search.php?keywords=vascular&terms=all& ... mit=Search

hmacoli wrote: ↑Thu Feb 07, 2019 10:01 am In my particular case I have CTOS but not CCSVI, but it seems clear that a vascular issue becomes part of the model of explanation of this complex disease.

The problem with MS is that it can be several things at the same time. Given that it is a clinically defined disease, there can be several different problems that lead to demyelinating lesions.

I would bet that pattern III MS is of vascular origin. It has been proved that it is related to hypoxia, which damages oligodendrocytes. Probably pattern II is due to EBV virus infection of B-cells. I don't have a clue about the other patterns.

Hello:
Thanks much to hmacoli for the very positive recommendation of my site and to jimmylegs for the thorough reference list of academic discussion on the issue which I certainly refer to.

Best regards, Vesta

I meant WILL refer to. Vesta