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2021 Sep 22
Institute of Neurology, National Hospital of Sri Lanka
Multiple sclerosis in Sri Lanka; epidemiology, demographic patterns and current trends
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34597917/

Abstract

Cases of Multiple sclerosis are being increasingly recognized in Sri Lanka and South Asia challenging the concept of MS being a disease of the West. Our study estimates a crude prevalence of 7.78 cases per 100,000 population in Sri Lanka. They carry a secure diagnosis satisfying the 2017 McDonalds criteria with sero-negativity for AQP4 and MOG antibodies. Demography and clinical presentations are similar to the western and regional nations. They show excellent visual and mobility outcomes over a long period of follow up. Further studies are necessary to evaluate a possible genetic predisposition contributing to the benign disease course.

The prevalence of MS is increasing worldwide because people and their 80 billion cells are ever less able to contain herpes viruses. This causes chronic diseases such as cancers and - as a protective measure - autoimmune diseases.

Chronic diseases are on the rise worldwide. Cases will double by 2035. With dramatically escalating cost of health care.

There are a number of reasons for distorting or losing control of the herpes cellular viral homeostasis, see step 2 of the last page of the essay: vaccinations (at least some as Hepatitis B), hypoperfusion, loss of epigenetic control, degraded acquired cellular fitness.


For the theory, start reading from here:
viewtopic.php?f=1&t=15188&start=900#p260052

2022 Mar 17
Department of Counseling Psychology, West Chester University, USA
Comprehensive MS Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
Multiple sclerosis: relationship between locus of control and quality of life in persons with low versus high disability
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35309243/

Abstract

Background: Health Locus of Control (HLOC) is the degree to which individuals believe that their health outcomes are controlled by 'external' factors - environmental forces, chance, fate, other people, or some higher power - or by 'internal' factors - their own behavior or action. Most of the literature on HLOC associates an Internal Health Locus of Control (IHLOC) to pro-health behaviors and better health outcomes. However, a few studies also suggest that in chronic illnesses, an External Health Locus of Control (EHLOC) could be beneficial with respect to pro-health behaviors and perceptions of Quality of Life (QoL), challenging assumptions about what leads to the most effective psychological coping in the face of difficult circumstances. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune condition of the central nervous system and the most frequent cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults, often despite treatment. Method: The primary goal of this non-experimental, cross-sectional, quantitative study of 89 individuals with MS was to explore the HLOC of individuals with MS, and to identify whether holding an EHLOC positively impacts the MS patients' perceived QoL while taking into consideration their level of disability. Results: This research found that individuals with higher disability scores tended to hold more EHLOC beliefs, and that there was a significant correlation between QoL and holding EHLOC beliefs. Conclusion: This study was able to capture the importance of control beliefs in the QoL of individuals with MS with higher disability. The clinical implications of the findingare explored and areas for further research are suggested.

2022 May 16
Neuroepidemiology Unit, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Increasing incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the Greater Hobart cohort of Tasmania, Australia
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35577508/

Abstract

Background: The Greater Hobart region (42.5°S) of Tasmania has consistently had the highest recorded prevalence and incidence rates of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Australia. We reassessed MS epidemiology in 2009-2019 and assessed longitudinal changes over 68 years.

Methods: Cases recruited from clinic-based datasets and multiple other data sources. 2019 prevalence and 2009-2019 annual incidence and mortality rates estimated, and differences assessed using Poisson regression.

Results: 436 MS cases resident on prevalence day were identified, and 130 had symptom onset within 2009-2019. Prevalence 197.1/100 000 (95% CI 179.4 to 216.5; 147.2/100 000 age standardised, 95% CI 126.5 to 171.3), a 36% increase since 2001 and 3.1-fold increase since 1961. 2009-2019 incidence rate=5.9/100 000 person-years, 95% CI 5.0 to 7.0 (6.1/1000 000 age standardised, 95% CI 4.7 to 7.9), a 2.8-fold increase since 1951-1961 and 65% since 2001-2009. 2009-2019 mortality rate=1.5/100 000 person-years, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.2 (0.9/100 000 age standardised, 95% CI 0.4 to 1.7), comparable to 2001-2009 (1.0/100 000) but reduced by 61% from 1951 to 1959 (2.1/100 000). 2001-2009 standardised mortality ratio=1.0 in 2009-2019, decreased from 2.0 in 1971-1979. Female:male prevalence sex ratio was 2.8, comparable to the 2009 value (2.6); incidence sex ratio (2.9) increased from 2001 to 9 (2.1). Comparisons with Newcastle, Australia (latitude=32.5°S) demonstrate a near complete abrogation of the latitudinal gradients for prevalence (ratio=1.0) and incidence (ratio=1.1), largely attributable to changing Hobart demography.

Conclusions: Prevalence and incidence of MS continue to increase significantly in Hobart, alongside marked reductions in mortality and increased case longevity. The marked increase in incidence is of particular note and may reflect longstanding changes in MS risk behaviours including changing sun exposure, obesity rates, and smoking behaviours, particularly in females. Falling mortality contributes to increase longevity and prevalence, likely reflecting improved overall MS healthcare and implementation of disease-modifying therapy.

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Why?

2023 Sep 8
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Oceania, a systematic review, and meta-analysis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37682389/

...Conclusions: The result of this systematic review and meta-analysis shows that the prevalence of MS has increased dramatically during the timespan in Oceania.

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Why?

Petr75 wrote: ↑Sat Sep 09, 2023 4:25 am 2023 Sep 8
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Oceania, a systematic review, and meta-analysis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37682389/

...Conclusions: The result of this systematic review and meta-analysis shows that the prevalence of MS has increased dramatically during the timespan in Oceania.

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Why?

Maybe:
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Transport and Variability of Tropospheric Ozone over Oceania and Southern Pacific during the 2019–20 Australian Bushfires
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3092

2024 Jan
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UK
Elevated genetic risk for multiple sclerosis emerged in steppe pastoralist populations
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38200296/

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuro-inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that is most prevalent in Northern Europe. Although it is known that inherited risk for MS is located within or in close proximity to immune-related genes, it is unknown when, where and how this genetic risk originated1. Here, by using a large ancient genome dataset from the Mesolithic period to the Bronze Age2, along with new Medieval and post-Medieval genomes, we show that the genetic risk for MS rose among pastoralists from the Pontic steppe and was brought into Europe by the Yamnaya-related migration approximately 5,000 years ago. We further show that these MS-associated immunogenetic variants underwent positive selection both within the steppe population and later in Europe, probably driven by pathogenic challenges coinciding with changes in diet, lifestyle and population density. This study highlights the critical importance of the Neolithic period and Bronze Age as determinants of modern immune responses and their subsequent effect on the risk of developing MS in a changing environment.

2024 Feb 28
Rennes University, EHESP, CNRS, Inserm, France
Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in France in 2021: Data from the French health insurance database
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38423846/

..Conclusion: MS prevalence in France has increased by ∼30% in the last 10years. This increase is probably linked to population ageing, longer survival of PwMS, and the long observation period. The part attributable to a possible increase in MS risk remains to be determined with incidence studies.
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2024 Sep
Projected number of people with multiple sclerosis in Germany between 2015 and 2040
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39032398/

Background: The global prevalence of multiple sclerosis has shown a marked rise in recent decades, with Germany reporting the highest prevalence among European countries. This study aims to project the future number of people with multiple sclerosis in Germany until 2040 which is necessary for effective resource allocation and health care planning.

Conclusion: The findings indicate a substantial rise in the prevalence of multiple sclerosis, ranging from 75% to 85% in 2040 compared to 2015. Assuming a constant age-specific prevalence between 2015 and 2040 without any temporal trends in mortality and incidence rates may underestimate the actual number of cases and consequently, future requirements for healthcare resources.

2024 Oct
Longitudinal epidemiology of multiple sclerosis over 60 years in Newcastle, Australia: 1961 to 2021
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39098057/

Conclusion: The Newcastle region continues to be a high frequency zone for MS. The incidence rate from onset is significantly increased from previous estimates, but incidence rate from diagnosis is stable. Prevalence and incidence sex ratios have stabilised at roughly 3.0, similar to other Australian sites.

2024 Aug
MS Research Flagship, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
Significantly increasing multiple sclerosis prevalence in Australia from 2010 to 2021
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39104180/

Objectives: To determine whether increased prevalence is continuing within Australia using our validated prescription-based ascertainment method.

Conclusions: In line with global trends, MS prevalence is escalating in Australia, particularly in higher-latitude states. MS prevention is crucial to halt this disturbing trend.

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Petr:
1. Why
2. How

2024 Aug
Significantly increasing multiple sclerosis prevalence in Australia from 2010 to 2021
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39104180/

Conclusions: In line with global trends, MS prevalence is escalating in Australia, particularly in higher-latitude states. MS prevention is crucial to halt this disturbing trend.

2024 Nov 18
Rising Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in Switzerland - Results from the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Registry
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39557017/

Conclusion: The estimated MS prevalence in Switzerland has increased since the previous estimate in 2016, with a shift in peak prevalence towards older ages. Population growth explained around one-fifth of this increase, thus leaving room for contributions by additional factors, which require further investigation. The rising MS prevalence has several implications for healthcare, research and society.

2024 Dec 8
The epidemiologic trend of multiple sclerosis in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran in fifteen-year period
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39733601/

Conclusion: There is an upward trend of multiple sclerosis in Razavi Khorasan; which is probably one of the fastest growth patterns in the region because it has been about two-fold as fast as in Tehran with the highest prevalence rates in Iran. Therefore, there should be extensive plans for managing the disease with secondary prevention in the coming years to decrease the complications and disabilities associated with disease progression.

2024 Dec 1
Prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis in the Netherlands
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39657510/

Conclusion: Aligning results from different global regions, prevalence estimates of MS in the Netherlands have increased significantly over the last decennia, while incidence estimates are stable. The discrepancy between MS records within the primary and secondary care setting could indicate that a substantial proportion of Dutch patients with MS are not under specialized neurological care.