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This article may hold interest for those people who focus on the gut microbiome, probiotics, and leaky gut;

VitaminDwiki, http://www.vitamindwiki.com/Gut+microbi ... +July+2015 , features the following paper (with graphs, and comments by Dr. Rhonda Patrick):

Effects of high doses of vitamin D3 on mucosa-associated gut microbiome vary between regions of the human gastrointestinal tract. (June 2016)
M Bashir, et al.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26130323

Conclusion: Vitamin D3 modulates the gut microbiome of the upper GI tract which might explain its positive influence on gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease or bacterial infections. The local effects of vitamin D demonstrate pronounced regional differences in the response of the GI microbiome to external factors, which should be considered in future studies investigating the human microbiome.

(By the way, I wonder how the gut bacteria mentioned compare with the bacteria in kefir – milk or water – and the bacteria in probiotic capsules. Are they the same? I'll have to check the label on my probiotics.)

Probiotic supplements offer similar beneficial bacteria as milk and water kefir. But a cup of kefer has about 100 times the beneficial bacteria of a typical daily dose of a supplement.

Kefir is easy to make and tastes pretty good. I drink a lot of both water kefir and milk kefir, daily and have been for well over 6 months (homemade of course). I make my milk kefir from milk that comes from grass fed cows (this aspect is a very important)