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Conclusion: We report reversal of major neurological symptoms in three patients after FMT for their
underlying GI symptoms. As MS can follow a relapsing-remitting course, this unexpected discovery was not
reported until considerable time had passed to confirm prolonged remission. It is tempting to speculate that
FMT achieved eradication of an occult GI pathogen driving MS symptoms.

Our finding that FMT can reverse MS-like symptoms suggests a GI infection underpinning these disorders. It
is hoped that such serendipitous findings may encourage a new direction in neurological research.

As sequencing of the gut microbiome continues, and an understanding of what factors damage and protect our microbial residents emerges, an appreciation of the simple yet unsavoury practice of faecal transplantation could develop. The range of diseases that it might treat could also be considerably expanded as we begin to pick apart the array of diseases – from asthma to multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease – that the gut microbiome is implicated in.