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Neuronal Damage in Brain Inflammation

Orhan Aktas, MD; Oliver Ullrich, MD; Carmen Infante-Duarte, PhD; Robert Nitsch, MD; Frauke Zipp, MD

Arch Neurol. 2007;64:185-189.


ABSTRACT

In contrast to traditional textbook paradigms, recent studies indicate neuronal damage in classic neuroinflammatory diseases of the brain, such as multiple sclerosis or meningitis. In these cases, immune cells invade the central nervous system compartments, accompanied by a massive breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and typical changes of the cerebrospinal fluid. On the other hand, inflammation within the central nervous system is a common phenomenon even in classic noninflammatory brain diseases that are characterized by degeneration or trauma of neuronal structures, such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, or stroke. In these cases, inflammation is a frequent occurrence but displays different, more subtle, patterns compared with, for example, multiple sclerosis. Concepts for directly protecting neurons and axons in neuroinflammatory diseases may improve the outcome of the patients. In parallel, epidemiological and animal experimental evidences, as well as first clinical trials indicate the benefit of immunomodulatory therapies for classic noninflammatory brain diseases. We review the evidence for inflammatory neuronal damage and its clinical impact in the context of these diseases.


Author Affiliations: Cecilie Vogt Clinic for Molecular Neurology (Drs Aktas, Infante-Duarte, and Zipp) and Cell Biology and Neurobiology (Dr Nitsch), Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; and Institute of Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg (Dr Ullrich), Germany.