There is a freely available review at [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312361609_Biomarkers_of_multiple_sclerosis_current_findings] about the status of knowledge as of 2017, and a wide classification in groups in [https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/127/7/1463/266245]
I am gonna try to maintain here a review about some diagnostic tests that are still not in clinical use. Most of them also will serve in the future to monitor the evolution and response to medications:
Advanced MRI technologies
*DTI: MRI that shows Normal Appearing White Matter
*SWI: Susceptibility weighted Imaging: Shows veins, including the central vein of MS lesions.
*MRN: magnetic resonance neurography: Shows damage in peripheral nervous system.
Other imaging technologies
*PET: Positron emission tomography: Can show activated microglia.
*OCT: Optical coherence tomography: Inspection of the eye's retina.
Body Fluid biomarkers
*CSF oligoclonal bands: Currently used in clinical diagnosis
*CSF specific proteins
*MRZ Reaction: Measles Rubeola and Zoster reaction (two positives out of three)
*Light chains (pieces of immunoglobulins) in blood or CSF
*Neurofilament light: [2]
*microRNAs (miRNAs) in blood or CSF: [1][2]. They are associated with "circulated exosomes" (Exosomes are nano-sized particles shed by almost all cell types in the body and are packed with micro-RNAs and other types of small RNA)
In the news:
*micro-RNAs: Nine unique micro-RNA molecules that differentiate between two MS sub-types: relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and progressive MS [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171030095425.htm]
*Osteopontin in blood [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29346446]
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