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QSM-MRI can show brain inflammation. Currently there is none. QSM is an imaging biomarker for chronic glial activation inmultiple sclerosis lesions https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/acn3.51338 Abstract Background: Inflammation in chronic active lesions occurs behind a closed bloo...

looks like they are trying to separate RRMS from SPMS

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960076021000637?casa_token=a5fL5oQjLCIAAAAA:j30jJv6tFVBDIzHlUixUFRnjwgaH8QwB6arVtvYOzPn3ZCapL5BaWI22-zaSxzW3njO6uiJwrw Biomarkers in Multiple sclerosis: what place for oxysterols? The main markers of multiple sclerosis that have been identified are...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s41983-021-00289-1 MiRNA dysregulation multiple sclerosis MiRNAs dysregulation display strong association with multiple sclerosis (MS). Several MiRNAs were reported to be consistently upregulated in MS patients including miR-142-3p, miR-145, miR-146a/b, miR-...

Teriflunomide treatment is associated with optic nerve recovery in early multiple sclerosis https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1756286421997372 [...] Beneficial properties of TRF beyond pure peripheral immunomodulation have been hypothesized before. Preclinical data already indicated ben...

TNF-α blockers-associated multiple sclerosis https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165572821000527?casa_token=9YIL51DL-zUAAAAA:xr58vN7m305DukZ3s2nwNgTkMSeF4AzF9SPqh8QkIdK4VJEF1ofpsRA7TIYHlJCKzPB3em-Fdg Conclusion Our study confirmed that the exposure to TNFα blockers can be associated...

thanks. interesting.

A new paper about how EBV could lead to MS. I link the main diagram here below. Epstein–Barr Virus in Multiple Sclerosis: Theory and Emerging Immunotherapies https://www.cell.com/trends/molecular-medicine/fulltext/S1471-4914(21)00035-6 https://marlin-prod.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/2e9709c7-...

Serum markers of multiple sclerosis - a new approach https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(21)00022-0/fulltext Optic neuritis (ON) typically manifests with the classical triad of subacute unilateral vision loss, periocular pain and impaired colour vision. It is the first sy...

You can see what a "epitope" is at wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitope Identification of two highly antigenic epitope markers predicting multiple sclerosis in optic neuritis patients https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352396421000049 Background Optic neuritis (ON) can o...

Plasmablast ( immature blood cells ) reported to have 36% sensivity and 100% specificity compared to other neurological diseases. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211034820307938?casa_token=9UQB0NGWXccAAAAA:E3kzPWSfqYQuls1HU7l2L7lWjR32NlEuQEzkHxe_McrlhwkWaUY_4CGfF6t1x2zursWb5UjNzQ...

A unified view of multiple sclerosis https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Pitt7/publication/348734921_A_unified_view_of_multiple_sclerosis/links/600dbe8b92851c13fe355c81/A-unified-view-of-multiple-sclerosis.pdf Abstract The clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS)is highly variable. To esta...

Identification of two highly antigenic epitope markers predicting multiple sclerosis in optic neuritis patients
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 6421000049

Quantitative MRI phenotypes capture biological heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis patients https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-81035-8 Abstract Magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) and brain volumetric imaging are (semi-)quantitative MRI markers capturing demyelination, axonal degeneration an...

Response to ibudilast treatment according to progressive multiple sclerosis disease phenotype https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/acn3.51251 Discussion The impetus to study ibudilast in progressive MS derived from the trial of ibudilast in relapsing MS.9 Although that study failed to d...