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It is often said that two or more blockages of the main draining pathways of brain and spinal cord are necessary for MS/CCSVI symptoms to emerge. In case repeated angiographies fail to recognize more than one, would you suggest preventative ballooning of usually affected areas? Extending this, under...

Supposing the quide wire can not find its way through a hypoplastic and (obviously) occluded jugular vein, is there any benefit in trying with a thinner wire like 0.018"? After all the smaller sized initial balloon would fit just right in the line of successive and progressive dilatations.

Dear Dr. Since MS is a progressive disease, it sounds plausible that CCSVI should be also. Under this perspective the abnormalities in the case you have described could be related somehow to each other. My belief is that the hypoplasia on the RIJV might have pushed the Left one to its upper limit (i...