PM
2023 Aug 12
Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease,... China
Air pollution is associated with abnormal left ventricular diastolic function: a nationwide population-based study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37568104/
----------------------------
MS
2018 Feb 19
Impaired Cardiac Function in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis by Comparison with Normal Subjects
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5818507/
...Patients with MS had decreased LV systolic function, confirmed by lower 2D and 3D ejection fraction
-We assessed left and right ventricular (LV and RV)
Air pollution
Re: Air pollution
https://www.eboro.cz
Re: Air pollution
VOC
2023 Aug 10
School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, China
Association between volatile organic compounds and mortality risk of stroke
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37661612/
---------------------------------
MS
2022 Apr 3
Department of Neurology, Athens Naval Hospital, Athens, Greece
Stroke risk in multiple sclerosis: a critical appraisal of the literature
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35369835/
2023 Aug 10
School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, China
Association between volatile organic compounds and mortality risk of stroke
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37661612/
---------------------------------
MS
2022 Apr 3
Department of Neurology, Athens Naval Hospital, Athens, Greece
Stroke risk in multiple sclerosis: a critical appraisal of the literature
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35369835/
https://www.eboro.cz
Re: Air pollution
2023 Sep 27
Short-term Exposure to Air Pollution and Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37758483/
....Conclusion:
There is a strong and significant correlation between gaseous and particulate air pollutants and the occurrence and mortality rates of stroke. This close temporal association underscores the importance of implementing global initiatives to develop policies aimed at reducing air pollution. By doing so, alleviate the burden of ischemic stroke and its consequences.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24 June 2019
BMC Neurology
Multiple sclerosis and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/art ... 019-1366-7
....Conclusion
Compared with the general population, people with MS have an increased risk of developing any type of stroke and ischemic stroke in particular. Consistent results were obtained from patients of different sexes and age groups. Preventative measures and treatments should be administered at earlier time points to improve patient outcomes.
Short-term Exposure to Air Pollution and Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37758483/
....Conclusion:
There is a strong and significant correlation between gaseous and particulate air pollutants and the occurrence and mortality rates of stroke. This close temporal association underscores the importance of implementing global initiatives to develop policies aimed at reducing air pollution. By doing so, alleviate the burden of ischemic stroke and its consequences.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24 June 2019
BMC Neurology
Multiple sclerosis and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/art ... 019-1366-7
....Conclusion
Compared with the general population, people with MS have an increased risk of developing any type of stroke and ischemic stroke in particular. Consistent results were obtained from patients of different sexes and age groups. Preventative measures and treatments should be administered at earlier time points to improve patient outcomes.
https://www.eboro.cz
Re: Air pollution
2023 Oct 5
Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
Association between exposure to air pollution and blood lipids in the general population of Spain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37795744/
...Conclusions: Our study shows an association between the exposure to air pollutants and blood lipids in the general population of Spain, suggesting a link to atherosclerosis.
--------------------------------------------------
MS
19 November 2018
Lipoprotein markers associated with disability from multiple sclerosis
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-35232-7
------------------------
February 2022
Atherosclerosis and multiple sclerosis: An overview on the prevalence of risk factors
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 4822000037
Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
Association between exposure to air pollution and blood lipids in the general population of Spain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37795744/
...Conclusions: Our study shows an association between the exposure to air pollutants and blood lipids in the general population of Spain, suggesting a link to atherosclerosis.
--------------------------------------------------
MS
19 November 2018
Lipoprotein markers associated with disability from multiple sclerosis
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-35232-7
------------------------
February 2022
Atherosclerosis and multiple sclerosis: An overview on the prevalence of risk factors
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 4822000037
https://www.eboro.cz
Re: Air pollution
2023 Oct 10
Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service, Rome, Italy
Joint effect of heat and air pollution on mortality in 620 cities of 36 countries
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37837748/
...Conclusions: Suggestive evidence of effect modification between air temperature and air pollutants on mortality during the warm period was found in a global dataset of 620 cities.
Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service, Rome, Italy
Joint effect of heat and air pollution on mortality in 620 cities of 36 countries
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37837748/
...Conclusions: Suggestive evidence of effect modification between air temperature and air pollutants on mortality during the warm period was found in a global dataset of 620 cities.
https://www.eboro.cz
Re: Air pollution
2023 Oct 13
Air Pollution and Allergic Rhinitis: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37831419/
---------------------------------
2023 Oct 11
Association Between Immune-Related Disease and Allergic Rhinitis: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37817645/
Air Pollution and Allergic Rhinitis: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37831419/
---------------------------------
2023 Oct 11
Association Between Immune-Related Disease and Allergic Rhinitis: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37817645/
https://www.eboro.cz
Re: Air pollution
2023 Nov 16
Prenatal air pollution, fetal β-cell dysfunction and neurodevelopmental delay
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37979352/
Conclusions: Exposure to air pollution throughout pregnancy is linked to neurodevelopmental delay mediated by poorer fetal β-cell function. Screening and treatment of abnormal glucose metabolism in infants could benefit the prevention of air pollution-associated neurodevelopment delay.
Prenatal air pollution, fetal β-cell dysfunction and neurodevelopmental delay
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37979352/
Conclusions: Exposure to air pollution throughout pregnancy is linked to neurodevelopmental delay mediated by poorer fetal β-cell function. Screening and treatment of abnormal glucose metabolism in infants could benefit the prevention of air pollution-associated neurodevelopment delay.
https://www.eboro.cz
Re: Air pollution
2023 Nov 27
Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Causal effects of exposure to ambient air pollution on cancer risk: Insights from genetic evidence
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38029998/
Abstract
Air pollution has been increasingly linked to cancer risk. However, the genetic causality between air pollution and cancer risk remains poorly understood. To elucidate the potential roles of air pollution (NOx, NO2, PM2.5, PM course, and PM10) in the risk of 18 specific-site cancers, large-scale genome-wide association studies with a novel Mendelian randomization (MR) method were employed. Our MR analyses revealed significant associations between certain air pollutants and specific types of cancer. Specifically, a positive association was observed between NOx exposure and squamous cell lung cancer (OR: 1.96, 95%CI: 1.07-3.59, p = 0.03) as well as esophageal cancer (OR: 1.002, 95%CI: 1.001-1.003, p = 0.005). Genetically predicted NO2 exposure was found to be a risk factor for endometrial cancer (OR 1.41, 95%CI: 1.03-1.94, p = 0.03) and ovarian cancer (OR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.14-1.95, p = 0.0037). Additionally, genetically predicted PM2.5 exposure was associated with an increased risk of ER+ breast cancer (OR: 1.24, 95%CI: 1.03-1.5, p = 0.02) and ER- breast cancer (OR: 2.57, 95%CI: 1.05-6.3, p = 0.04). PM course exposure was identified as a risk factor for glioma (OR: 487.28, 95%CI: 13.08-18,153, p = 0.0008), while PM10 exposure exerted a detrimental effect on mesothelioma (OR: 114.75, 95%CI: 1.14-11,500.11, p = 0.04) and esophageal cancer (OR: 1.01, 95%CI: 1.007-1.02, p = 0.03). These findings underscored the importance of mitigating air pollution to reduce the burden of cancer and highlight the need for further investigations to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved in these associations.
Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Causal effects of exposure to ambient air pollution on cancer risk: Insights from genetic evidence
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38029998/
Abstract
Air pollution has been increasingly linked to cancer risk. However, the genetic causality between air pollution and cancer risk remains poorly understood. To elucidate the potential roles of air pollution (NOx, NO2, PM2.5, PM course, and PM10) in the risk of 18 specific-site cancers, large-scale genome-wide association studies with a novel Mendelian randomization (MR) method were employed. Our MR analyses revealed significant associations between certain air pollutants and specific types of cancer. Specifically, a positive association was observed between NOx exposure and squamous cell lung cancer (OR: 1.96, 95%CI: 1.07-3.59, p = 0.03) as well as esophageal cancer (OR: 1.002, 95%CI: 1.001-1.003, p = 0.005). Genetically predicted NO2 exposure was found to be a risk factor for endometrial cancer (OR 1.41, 95%CI: 1.03-1.94, p = 0.03) and ovarian cancer (OR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.14-1.95, p = 0.0037). Additionally, genetically predicted PM2.5 exposure was associated with an increased risk of ER+ breast cancer (OR: 1.24, 95%CI: 1.03-1.5, p = 0.02) and ER- breast cancer (OR: 2.57, 95%CI: 1.05-6.3, p = 0.04). PM course exposure was identified as a risk factor for glioma (OR: 487.28, 95%CI: 13.08-18,153, p = 0.0008), while PM10 exposure exerted a detrimental effect on mesothelioma (OR: 114.75, 95%CI: 1.14-11,500.11, p = 0.04) and esophageal cancer (OR: 1.01, 95%CI: 1.007-1.02, p = 0.03). These findings underscored the importance of mitigating air pollution to reduce the burden of cancer and highlight the need for further investigations to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved in these associations.
https://www.eboro.cz
Re: Air pollution
2023 Nov 25
National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing; Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, China
Association between short-term air pollution exposure and perturbation in thyrotropin levels in 1.38 million Chinese women: A national longitudinal analysis, 2014-2019
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38029589/
-------------------------------------------
MS
August 29, 2023
medicalnewstoday
The link between multiple sclerosis (MS) and thyroid conditions
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articl ... s-the-link
National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing; Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, China
Association between short-term air pollution exposure and perturbation in thyrotropin levels in 1.38 million Chinese women: A national longitudinal analysis, 2014-2019
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38029589/
-------------------------------------------
MS
August 29, 2023
medicalnewstoday
The link between multiple sclerosis (MS) and thyroid conditions
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articl ... s-the-link
https://www.eboro.cz
Re: Air pollution
2023 Dec 11
Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Singapore
Environmental Deprivation Effects on Myelin Ultrastructure in Huntington Disease and Wildtype Mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079108/
Abstract
Environmental deprivation can have deleterious effects on adaptive myelination and oligodendroglia function. Early stage Huntington disease (HD) is characterised by white-matter myelin abnormalities in both humans and animal models. However, whether deprived environments exacerbate myelin-related pathological features of HD is not clearly understood. Here, we investigated the impact of deprivation and social isolation on ultrastructural features of myelin in the corpus callosum of the YAC128 mouse model of HD and wildtype (WT) mice using transmission electron microscopy. HD pathology on its own leads to increased representation of altered myelin features, such as thinner sheaths and compromised morphology. Interestingly, deprivation mirrors these effects in WT mice but does not greatly exacerbate the already aberrant myelin in HD mice, indicating a disease-related floor effect in the latter animals. These novel findings indicate that environmental deprivation causes abnormalities in myelin ultrastructure in the otherwise healthy corpus callosum of wild-type mice but has distinct effects on HD mice, where compromised myelin integrity is manifest from early stages of the disease.
Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Singapore
Environmental Deprivation Effects on Myelin Ultrastructure in Huntington Disease and Wildtype Mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079108/
Abstract
Environmental deprivation can have deleterious effects on adaptive myelination and oligodendroglia function. Early stage Huntington disease (HD) is characterised by white-matter myelin abnormalities in both humans and animal models. However, whether deprived environments exacerbate myelin-related pathological features of HD is not clearly understood. Here, we investigated the impact of deprivation and social isolation on ultrastructural features of myelin in the corpus callosum of the YAC128 mouse model of HD and wildtype (WT) mice using transmission electron microscopy. HD pathology on its own leads to increased representation of altered myelin features, such as thinner sheaths and compromised morphology. Interestingly, deprivation mirrors these effects in WT mice but does not greatly exacerbate the already aberrant myelin in HD mice, indicating a disease-related floor effect in the latter animals. These novel findings indicate that environmental deprivation causes abnormalities in myelin ultrastructure in the otherwise healthy corpus callosum of wild-type mice but has distinct effects on HD mice, where compromised myelin integrity is manifest from early stages of the disease.
https://www.eboro.cz
Re: Air pollution
14 October 2020
Air Pollution-Related Brain Metal Dyshomeostasis as a Potential Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/10/1098
-----------------------------------
MS
2024 Jan 5
Metal dyshomeostasis in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38178798/
Abstract
Abnormal metal distribution in vulnerable brain regions is involved in the pathogenesis of most neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting common molecular mechanisms of metal dyshomeostasis. This study aimed to compare the intra- and extra-neuronal metal content and the expression of proteins related to metal homeostasis in the substantia nigra (SN) from patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and control subjects. Metal quantification was performed via ion-beam micro-analysis in neuromelanin-positive neurons and the surrounding tissue. For proteomic analysis, SN tissue lysates were analyzed on a nanoflow chromatography system hyphenated to a hybrid triple-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. We found increased amounts of iron in neuromelanin-positive neurons and surrounding tissue in patients with PD and MS compared to controls (4- to 5-fold higher) that, however, also showed large inter-individual variations. Copper content was systematically lower (-2.4-fold) in neuromelanin-positive neurons of PD patients compared with controls, whereas it remained unchanged in MS. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses revealed clusters related to Fe and Cu homeostasis among PD-deregulated proteins. An enrichment for the term "metal homeostasis" was observed for MS-deregulated proteins. Important deregulated hub proteins included hemopexin and transferrin in PD, and calreticulin and ferredoxin reductase in MS. Our findings show that PD and MS share commonalities in terms of iron accumulation in the SN. Concomitant proteomics experiments revealed PPI networks related to metal homeostasis, substantiating the results of metal quantification.
Air Pollution-Related Brain Metal Dyshomeostasis as a Potential Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/10/1098
-----------------------------------
MS
2024 Jan 5
Metal dyshomeostasis in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38178798/
Abstract
Abnormal metal distribution in vulnerable brain regions is involved in the pathogenesis of most neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting common molecular mechanisms of metal dyshomeostasis. This study aimed to compare the intra- and extra-neuronal metal content and the expression of proteins related to metal homeostasis in the substantia nigra (SN) from patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and control subjects. Metal quantification was performed via ion-beam micro-analysis in neuromelanin-positive neurons and the surrounding tissue. For proteomic analysis, SN tissue lysates were analyzed on a nanoflow chromatography system hyphenated to a hybrid triple-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. We found increased amounts of iron in neuromelanin-positive neurons and surrounding tissue in patients with PD and MS compared to controls (4- to 5-fold higher) that, however, also showed large inter-individual variations. Copper content was systematically lower (-2.4-fold) in neuromelanin-positive neurons of PD patients compared with controls, whereas it remained unchanged in MS. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses revealed clusters related to Fe and Cu homeostasis among PD-deregulated proteins. An enrichment for the term "metal homeostasis" was observed for MS-deregulated proteins. Important deregulated hub proteins included hemopexin and transferrin in PD, and calreticulin and ferredoxin reductase in MS. Our findings show that PD and MS share commonalities in terms of iron accumulation in the SN. Concomitant proteomics experiments revealed PPI networks related to metal homeostasis, substantiating the results of metal quantification.
https://www.eboro.cz
Re: Air pollution
2024 Jan 9
Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
Long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of insulin resistance: A systematic review and meta-analysis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38199220/
Conclusions: Long-term exposures to PM2.5, PM10, NO2 or SO2 are indeed associated with the odds of IR. Among the analyzed pollutants, inhalable particulate matters appear to exert greater impacts on IR.
-------------------------------------------------
2018 Oct
Metabolomic profile of insulin resistance in patients with multiple sclerosis is associated to the severity of the disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30193201/
Conclusion: Insulin resistance is frequent in patients with multiple sclerosis and might contribute to metabolic complications and general disability. Early markers of dysglycemia should be sought for in these patients to avoid additional deterioration of their quality of life.
Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
Long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of insulin resistance: A systematic review and meta-analysis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38199220/
Conclusions: Long-term exposures to PM2.5, PM10, NO2 or SO2 are indeed associated with the odds of IR. Among the analyzed pollutants, inhalable particulate matters appear to exert greater impacts on IR.
-------------------------------------------------
2018 Oct
Metabolomic profile of insulin resistance in patients with multiple sclerosis is associated to the severity of the disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30193201/
Conclusion: Insulin resistance is frequent in patients with multiple sclerosis and might contribute to metabolic complications and general disability. Early markers of dysglycemia should be sought for in these patients to avoid additional deterioration of their quality of life.
https://www.eboro.cz
Re: Air pollution
2024 Jan 15
School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, China
Association of long-term exposure to various ambient air pollutants, lifestyle, and genetic predisposition with incident cognitive impairment and dementia
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38225615/
Conclusions: Exposure to air pollution was found to be a significant contributing factor to cognitive impairment and dementia, and this association was not easily modified by an individual's genetic predisposition. However, adopting a healthy lifestyle may help to manage the risk of cognitive decline related to air pollution.
-----------------------------------
MS
2023 Jun 15
The risk of dementia in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10309000/
Conclusion
The risk of dementia was higher in MS and NMOSD patients than in the general population and the dementia risk in MS patients was higher than in NMOSD subjects. Therefore, clinicians should be vigilant regarding cognitive impairment in patients with MS and NMOSD. Furthermore, it is important for clinicians to consider potential causes of dementia beyond MS/NMOSD itself, as preventive and therapeutic approaches vary depending on the underlying etiology. Further investigations should be performed to determine the pathophysiology of increased risk of AD or vascular dementia in MS and NMOSD patients.
School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, China
Association of long-term exposure to various ambient air pollutants, lifestyle, and genetic predisposition with incident cognitive impairment and dementia
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38225615/
Conclusions: Exposure to air pollution was found to be a significant contributing factor to cognitive impairment and dementia, and this association was not easily modified by an individual's genetic predisposition. However, adopting a healthy lifestyle may help to manage the risk of cognitive decline related to air pollution.
-----------------------------------
MS
2023 Jun 15
The risk of dementia in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10309000/
Conclusion
The risk of dementia was higher in MS and NMOSD patients than in the general population and the dementia risk in MS patients was higher than in NMOSD subjects. Therefore, clinicians should be vigilant regarding cognitive impairment in patients with MS and NMOSD. Furthermore, it is important for clinicians to consider potential causes of dementia beyond MS/NMOSD itself, as preventive and therapeutic approaches vary depending on the underlying etiology. Further investigations should be performed to determine the pathophysiology of increased risk of AD or vascular dementia in MS and NMOSD patients.
https://www.eboro.cz
Re: Air pollution
2013 Dec
Relation of air pollution with epidemiology of respiratory diseases in isfahan, Iran from 2005 to 2009
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3908529/
..Results:
Space with tracing the distribution of respiratory diseases was scattered based on the distribution of air pollution in the points is an important part of this type of diseases in Isfahan province where air pollution was more abundant.
-----------------------------------------
MS
2024 Feb
Prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran between 1996 and 2021: A population-based study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38359695/
.. Conclusion: This study shows that Isfahan has one of the highest incidence rate and prevalence ratio of MS in the region. We observed an increase in the incidence rate during the first decade, followed by stability in the last two five- and six-year periods. Further studies are needed to identify the reasons behind the change in incidence of MS in Iran.
Relation of air pollution with epidemiology of respiratory diseases in isfahan, Iran from 2005 to 2009
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3908529/
..Results:
Space with tracing the distribution of respiratory diseases was scattered based on the distribution of air pollution in the points is an important part of this type of diseases in Isfahan province where air pollution was more abundant.
-----------------------------------------
MS
2024 Feb
Prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran between 1996 and 2021: A population-based study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38359695/
.. Conclusion: This study shows that Isfahan has one of the highest incidence rate and prevalence ratio of MS in the region. We observed an increase in the incidence rate during the first decade, followed by stability in the last two five- and six-year periods. Further studies are needed to identify the reasons behind the change in incidence of MS in Iran.
https://www.eboro.cz