Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko. 1999 Apr-Jun;(2):8-13; discussion 14.
Links
[The selective phlebography of the large tributaries of the vena cava system in the diagnosis of venous circulatory disorders in the spinal complex]
[Article in Russian]
Tsuladze II.
As any other organ, the spinal cord also suffers in chronic congestion. Since the epidural venous system drains into the vena cava system and participates in collateral circulation, there is increased inflow with impaired blood flow along its large tributaries in the vertebral canal along with poor outflow, resulting in intracanal hypertension and chronic congestion. Venous hemodynamic disorders are found beyond the vertebral canal and detected by selective phlebography of the large tributaries of the vena cava system. The technique was used to examine 46 patients with spastic paraparesis or tetraparesis of unclear etiology, which provides evidence for the fact that vena cava stenoses, compressions, atresia, and thromboses can be responsible for impaired venous hemodynamics in the vertebral apparatus and its surgical correction is possible.
Acta Radiol Suppl. 1976
;347:415-7.Links
[Cavo-spinal phlebography in myelopathies. Stenoses of internal jugular and azygos veins, venous compressions and thromboses]
[Article in French]
Leriche H, Aubin ML, Aboulker J.
Increased intraspinal venous pressure, resulting according to ABOULKER in numerous spastic paraplegias and quadriplegias is due to multiple venous abnormalities demonstrated by cavo-spinal phlebography. The most frequent are stenoses of the internal jugular veins, the left renal, the left iliac veins, the azygos veins and compressions of the innominate venous trunks. These abnormalities cause a permanent stasis in the intraspinal plexuses through excessive supply or insufficient drainage. Out of 80 patients, 60 per cent had at least 2 abnormalities, 38 per cent at least 3 abnormalities.
Acta Radiol Suppl. 1976
;347:403-13.Links
[Cavo-spinal phlebography in myelopathies of venous origin. Application of the method in 115 cases]
[Article in French]
Aubin ML, Leriche H, Aboulker J, Ernest C, Ecoiffier J, Metzger J.
The intraspinal venous stasis, described by ABOULKER as the cause of numerous myelopathies, is due to the addition of multiple venous abnormalities, demonstrated by cavospinal phlebography. The venae cavae and their major affluents and the prespinal system (lumbar and ascending lumbar veins, azygos, hemi-azygos, right superior intercostal and vertebral veins) are explored by catheterization. Cavo-spinal phlebography reveals multiple obstacles and the resulting stasis in the intraspinal plexus.
Acta Radiol Suppl. 1976;347:395-401. again
Links
[Intraspinal venous hypertension due to multiple anomalies in the caval system. A major cause of myelopathies]
[Article in French]
Aboulker J, Aubin ML, Leriche H, Guiraudon G, Ancri D, Metzger J.
Increased venous intraspinal pressure is described as a venous system disease, resulting in numerous unexplained paraplegias and tetraplegias. The chronic venous stasis in the intraspinal plexuses, into which the circulation of the spinal cord is drained, is due to the association of multiple abnormalities (stenoses, compressions, thromboses) on the major pathways of the caval and azygos system. The abnormalities, most of which are not known, are demonstrated by a special procedure, the cavo-spinal phlebography, and some of them are subjected to surgery.
