Biomarkers. Extensive review as of 2021

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... njO6uiJwrw

Biomarkers in Multiple sclerosis: what place for oxysterols?

The main markers of multiple sclerosis that have been identified are involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. Mainly derived from cerebrospinal fluid, they are directly related to the mechanisms involved in multiple sclerosis. These biomarkers may be markers of immune activation, markers of blood-brain barrier disruption, markers of demyelination, markers of astrocyte and microglial activation as well as markers of neuronal and axonal damage. Recently, biomarkers of mitochondrial activity as well as lipid markers have been suggested. Among the lipids under consideration are fatty acids and their peroxidation products, phospholipids but also oxysterols which are oxidized cholesterol derivatives [13,14]. Fig. 3 summarizes the different biomarkers detailed in this paragraph.